Scientific- Research Quarterly of Geographical Data (SEPEHR)

Importance of Time Factor in Natural Geography Studies

Maryam Bayati Khatibi

Volume 15, Issue 59 , November 2006, , Pages 27-32

Abstract

Understanding natural issues and the way natural phenomena operate, whether in order to enjoy their benefits or to deal with their adverse effects, must be accompanied by observation and interpretation of phenomena. Proper interpretation and accurate analysis of the results of observations requires necessary ... Read More Understanding natural issues and the way natural phenomena operate, whether in order to enjoy their benefits or to deal with their adverse effects, must be accompanied by observation and interpretation of phenomena. Proper interpretation and accurate analysis of the results of observations requires necessary and sufficient information concerning the events’ ways of occurring and the past history of phenomena. In natural problems such as landslides, earthquakes, etc., and in historical issues and requirements of humans such as nutrition, habitation, water pollution, etc., the instantaneous recognition or the course of changes in time as well as historical comparison of magnitude of changes are duly considered, and geographers can well examine this issue and consider, in their studies on large expanses of land, how short-term changes occur during the phenomenon, and, by referring to these changes, generalize the results to the future and predict the intensity and extent of future events. Thus it can be said that natural geography perceives the momentary balance of phenomena, or at least seeks to understand it, and even takes time backward or forward on a scale of human history. In other words, the present form of the Earth and the current conditions in any given phenomenon are of great concern to geographers, but accurate information from the past is always needed for their accurate examination. Furthermore, there is a need for predictions about the future trend based on current trends and past information when considering long-term exploitation of natural resources. According to the above-mentioned matters, it can be clearly stated that the study of changes in phenomena over time is the basis of geography studies, especially natural geography. Fortunately, today with the development of communications, it is possible to extend the scope of these studies to different spaces with various features, and also to collect more information; on the other hand, using new methods, techniques and facilities, the horizons of vision in the past, and in some cases in the future, have become more extensive.

An Attitude to the Formation of Tectonic Terraces (River Terraces)

Maryam Bayati Khatibi

Volume 13, Issue 50 , August 2004, , Pages 8-12

Abstract

River terraces are important components of natural landscape, and among the key elements in the study of geomorphic features of river phenomena in regional and local scale as well as trend of river power changes in relation to different factors in the course of time. These phenomena, as river forms, ... Read More River terraces are important components of natural landscape, and among the key elements in the study of geomorphic features of river phenomena in regional and local scale as well as trend of river power changes in relation to different factors in the course of time. These phenomena, as river forms, represent the level of flowing waters in the past and river performance in response to changes in the characteristics of several factors. Regarding the activity of processes. and influenced by changes and disturbances in conditions, the river sometimes has to cut its bed and create benches parallel with its longitudinal profile.The river terraces, which provide successive changes in beds of river flows, are in fact considered the best means for surveying the past history of regions in terms of the type of changes and rivers’ reaction to such changes in different times. Considering such an important feature, these phenomena are among the topics discussed in different sciences of the earth, especially geomorphology and soil science. For soil sciences, the terraces are: smooth surfaces with mild slopes formed by heterogeneous pebbles whose presence along the rivers provides a relatively stable place for soil formation. For geomorphology, river terraces, as the most important geomorphologic forms, are results of the operation of water flows which have been formed by fluctuations and changes in various factors, such as changes in the energy of morphodynamic factors.River terraces formed and developed by alternation of the processes of destruction and sequestration in the rivers are usually seen as slope cuts on either side of the rivers’ banks or only on one side of them.Generally, it can be said that the formation of terraces around the bed of rivers suggests adjustments and changes in longitudinal profile of rivers in response to changes in the type and amount of exchanges related to the location, special time and evolution of longitudinal profile of river in order to adapt to the new conditions.Despite the importance and major influence of tectonic activities on river alluvia and formation of terraces, research in this area has been very trivial. The difference in the shape of channels and variation in the response of rivers to such activities (due to difference in flow rate, type and amount of bed load) have possibly been the main reasons for complexity of the subject and, as a result, a decrease in the number of studies in this field.

Scientific- Research Quarterly of Geographical Data (SEPEHR)

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Author = Bayati Khatibi, Maryam

Importance of Time Factor in Natural Geography Studies

Abstract

An Attitude to the Formation of Tectonic Terraces (River Terraces)

Abstract